CULTURAL DIMENSIONS

 

JAP   =   Japan      UK   =   United Kingdom     FRA   =   France      US   =   USA       GER   =   Germany       

For  reference:       SIN   =   Singapore       ARA   =   Arabic (Saudi Arabia)     MAL   =   Malaysia      NOR  =  Norway        

 

G. Hofstede

LOW

MEDIUM

HIGH

 

POWER  DISTANCE

 

 

           NOR     GER   UK      US

 

                 JAP

 

 FRA     SIN     ARA       MAL

 

INDIVIDUALISM

 

 

     SIN    MAL                 ARA

 

      JAP                       GER

 

 NOR   FRA              UK   US

 

MASCULINITY

 

 

   NOR                              FRA

 

 SIN   MAL     ARA           US

 

  UK   GER                    JAP

 

UNCERTAINTY

AVOIDANCE

 

 

  SIN                         UK   MAL

 

      US        NOR          GER

 

   ARA           FRA          JAP

CONFUCIAN

LONG-TERM

ORIENATION

 

     UK     US   FRA    GER NOR

 

     ARA                   SIN

 

              JAP          MAL

 

 

 

 

 

A. Laurent  (Insead)

 

 

 

 

ROLE OF COMPANY

 

People working together

  MAL         SIN        JAP   FRA

 

                      GER       ARA

System with functions

       UK         US    NOR

HIERARCHY – Everyone knows who has authority over whom

Agree

      MAL         SIN              JAP

 

     FRA           UK        NOR

Disagree

          GER             US

 MATRIX STRUCTURE

Organisation with 2 bosses to be avoided

Agree

      MAL       FRA        SIN

 

        GER     UK     JAP

Disagree

                          NOR   US

 

 

 

 

E. T. Hall /  K. Hayashi

 

 

 

 

COMMUNICATION

 

High Context   (Implicit)

     JAP             MAL        ARA

 

SIN   UK   NOR   FRA   GER

Low Context   (Explicit)

                                     US                    

 

ORGANISATION

 

O-organisation (Analogue)

     JAP   MAL   AR

 

             SIN                FRA

M-Organisation  (Digital)

          NOR   GER   UK    US

 

DECISION-MAKING

 

Consensual

      JAP     MAL

 

      ARA         SIN       NOR

Authority

       UK    US    GER     FRA

 

 

 

 

Others

 

 

 

 

 AUTHORITY Delegation

Less Willing

                                     FRA

 

  UK   SIN            MAL GER

Very Willing

          NOR   US           JAP

 

CONTROL NATURE

Humans Cannot Control

               JAP            SIN

 

FRA   NOR       UK       MAL

Humans Can Control

         US             GER

 

Individual FREEDOM

Not highest value

                    FRA

 

SIN                  GER      JAP

High value

          UK       NOR        US

 

Individual DECISIONS

Value Group Decisions

             FRA                     GER

 

       SIN       JAP

Value Individual Decisions

         UK              US   NOR

 

Individual BLAME

Group Responsibility

        SIN 

 

  JAP        UK                US

Individual Responsibility

      GER          FRA       NOR

 

 

Trompenaars/Hampden

 

 

 

UNIVERSALIST or

PARTICULARIST

Particularist

               MAL                    JAP

 

SIN   FRA

Universalist

    UK   GER    NOR     US

INDIVIDUALIST or

COLLECTIVIST

Collectivist

       SIN        JAP

 

                      FRA       GER

Individualist

        NOR       UK       US

NEUTRAL or

AFFECTIVE

Neutral

  JAP                       UK    SIN

 

                GER    NOR     US

Affective

  FRA

DIFFUSE or

SPECIFIC

Diffuse   (Indirect)

      SIN                            JAP

 

               GER               FRA

Specific  (Direct)

     NOR          US       UK

ASCRIPTION or

ACHIEVEMENT

Ascriptive-oriented

                                       SIN

 

      JAP               FRA

Achievement-oriented

   GER     NOR    UK        US

INTERNAL or

EXTERNAL

Internally oriented

            JAP           SIN

 

        NOR             UK

Externally oriented

      FRA           GER     US

SYNCHRONIC or

MONOCHRONIC

Synchronic   (Poly-chronism)

    JAP                             GER

 

   FRA            SIN           UK

Sequential   (Mono-chronism)

          NOR                    US

 

 

 

 

F. Trompenaars

Left   Brain

 

Right   Brain

 

ACCOUNTABILITY

 

Individual responsibility

        US       UK                GER

 Fin      Gen       Tech       R&D       Mark

 

                                   NOR

   Manu      Pers

Team responsibility

 JAP         SIN           FRA

                              Admin

 

GOAL OF COMPANY

 

Profit

  US                                 NOR

         Fin              Manu       Tech

 

  UK                 GER      FRA

Pers          R&D    Admin            Gen

Well-being of stakeholders

      SIN                          JAP

       Mark

 

OPERATIONS

 

Tasks

      US                             NOR

                     Fin   Tech   Manu   Admin

 

          UK      GER         JAP

  R&D     Mark   Gen

Relationships

 SIN            FRA

Pers

 

Poor Performance =

DISMISSAL

Single criterion

        US

                   Fin     R&D      Tech   Pers

 

    UK      JAP               NOR

                          Manu   Gen

Historical context

     GER      SIN      FRA

 Admin   Mark

 

Value of PROMOTION

 

Higher income / responsibility

    US      GER                  FRA

                               Tech   Admin  Fin

 

        UK                         JAP

  Pers       Manu                  Gen

Work with new group of people

    NOR                 SIN

     R&D     Mark

 

WORKING STYLE

 

On your own

                                GER   US

 Fin    R&D   Pers    Tech               Mark

 

 FRA   UK                  NOR

                    Manu    Gen      Admin

Together with others

 JAP                SIN

 

 

 

 

 

C. Hampden-Turner

 

 

 

RECRUITMENT

Fitting In Organisation

    SIN              JAP

 

NOR       FRA                   UK

Individual Ability / Skills

             GER                  US

EMPLOYMENT

Longer-term  Commitment

  SIN         JA

 

FRA               NOR        GER

Short-term  Duration

               UK                  US

LEGITIMACY OF BOSS

Power / Respect

        JAP

 

                    UK            NOR

Job Skills

  FRA     SIN      US    GER

 SOCIAL COMMITMENT

Willing to help boss paint his house

            MAL         SIN

 

            FRA      NOR      JAP

Unwilling help boss paint house

              US     GER      UK

COMPANY SUPPORT

Company should contribute housing

                           JAP

 

    SIN            MAL       GER

Doesn’t need contribute housing

    NOR    FRA    UK    US

 

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