CULTURAL
DIMENSIONS
JAP
= Japan UK = United Kingdom FRA = France US = USA GER
= Germany
For reference: SIN = Singapore ARA =
Arabic (Saudi Arabia) MAL = Malaysia
NOR = Norway
G.
Hofstede
|
LOW |
MEDIUM |
HIGH |
|
POWER DISTANCE
|
NOR GER UK US
|
JAP |
FRA SIN
ARA MAL |
|
INDIVIDUALISM
|
SIN MAL ARA |
JAP GER |
NOR FRA UK US |
|
MASCULINITY |
NOR FRA |
SIN MAL ARA US |
UK GER JAP |
|
UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE |
SIN UK MAL |
US NOR GER |
ARA FRA
JAP |
|
CONFUCIAN LONG-TERM ORIENATION |
UK US FRA GER
NOR |
ARA SIN |
JAP MAL |
|
|
|
|
|
A.
Laurent (Insead)
|
|
|
|
ROLE OF COMPANY
|
People working
together
MAL
SIN JAP FRA |
GER ARA |
System with
functions
UK US NOR |
|
HIERARCHY – Everyone knows who has authority over whom |
Agree
MAL
SIN JAP |
FRA UK NOR |
Disagree GER US |
|
MATRIX STRUCTURE Organisation with 2 bosses to be avoided |
Agree
MAL FRA SIN |
GER
UK JAP |
Disagree NOR US |
|
|
|
|
|
E.
T. Hall / K. Hayashi
|
|
|
|
|
COMMUNICATION |
High
Context (Implicit)
JAP
MAL ARA |
SIN UK NOR FRA GER |
Low Context (Explicit)
US |
ORGANISATION
|
O-organisation (Analogue) JAP MAL AR |
SIN FRA |
M-Organisation
(Digital) NOR GER UK US |
|
DECISION-MAKING |
Consensual
JAP MAL |
ARA SIN
NOR |
Authority UK US
GER FRA |
|
|
|
|
|
Others
|
|
|
|
|
AUTHORITY
Delegation |
Less Willing
FRA |
UK SIN MAL GER |
Very Willing NOR US JAP |
|
CONTROL NATURE |
Humans Cannot
Control
JAP
SIN |
FRA NOR UK MAL |
Humans Can Control US GER |
|
Individual FREEDOM |
Not highest
value
FRA |
SIN GER JAP |
High value
UK NOR US |
|
Individual DECISIONS |
Value Group
Decisions
FRA
GER |
SIN JAP |
Value Individual
Decisions
UK US NOR |
|
Individual BLAME |
Group
Responsibility
SIN |
JAP UK US |
Individual
Responsibility
GER FRA NOR |
Trompenaars/Hampden
|
|
|
|
|
UNIVERSALIST or PARTICULARIST |
Particularist
MAL
JAP |
SIN FRA |
Universalist
UK GER NOR US |
|
INDIVIDUALIST or COLLECTIVIST |
Collectivist
SIN JAP |
FRA
GER |
Individualist
NOR UK US |
|
NEUTRAL or AFFECTIVE |
Neutral
JAP UK SIN |
GER
NOR US |
Affective
FRA |
|
DIFFUSE or SPECIFIC |
Diffuse (Indirect)
SIN JAP
|
GER FRA |
Specific (Direct)
NOR US UK |
|
ASCRIPTION or ACHIEVEMENT |
Ascriptive-oriented
SIN |
JAP FRA |
Achievement-oriented
GER NOR UK US |
|
INTERNAL or EXTERNAL |
Internally
oriented
JAP SIN |
NOR UK |
Externally
oriented
FRA GER US |
|
SYNCHRONIC or MONOCHRONIC |
Synchronic (Poly-chronism)
JAP GER |
FRA SIN UK |
Sequential (Mono-chronism)
NOR
US |
|
|
|
|
|
F. Trompenaars
|
Left
Brain |
|
Right
Brain |
|
ACCOUNTABILITY |
Individual
responsibility
US UK GER
Fin Gen Tech R&D Mark |
NOR Manu Pers |
Team responsibility JAP SIN FRA Admin |
|
GOAL OF COMPANY |
Profit
US NOR Fin Manu
Tech |
UK GER FRA Pers R&D Admin Gen |
Well-being of stakeholders SIN
JAP Mark |
|
OPERATIONS |
Tasks
US NOR Fin Tech
Manu Admin |
UK GER JAP R&D Mark Gen |
Relationships SIN FRA Pers |
|
Poor Performance = DISMISSAL |
Single criterion
US Fin R&D Tech Pers |
UK JAP NOR Manu Gen |
Historical context GER SIN FRA Admin
Mark |
Value
of PROMOTION
|
Higher income / responsibility
US GER FRA Tech Admin
Fin |
UK
JAP Pers Manu Gen |
Work with new group of people NOR SIN R&D Mark |
|
WORKING STYLE |
On your own
GER US Fin
R&D Pers Tech Mark |
FRA UK NOR Manu
Gen Admin |
Together with others JAP SIN |
|
|
|
|
|
C. Hampden-Turner
|
|
|
|
|
RECRUITMENT |
Fitting In
Organisation
SIN JAP |
NOR FRA UK |
Individual
Ability / Skills
GER US |
|
EMPLOYMENT |
Longer-term Commitment
SIN JA |
FRA NOR GER
|
Short-term Duration
UK US |
|
LEGITIMACY OF BOSS |
Power / Respect
JAP |
UK NOR |
Job Skills
FRA SIN US GER |
|
SOCIAL COMMITMENT |
Willing to help boss paint his house
MAL SIN |
FRA NOR JAP |
Unwilling help boss paint house
US GER UK |
|
COMPANY SUPPORT |
Company should contribute housing
JAP |
SIN MAL
GER |
Doesn’t need contribute housing
NOR FRA UK US |